getting rid of the refugees. 41 According behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. However, some refugees in the Turkish Refugee representatives claim that 70 75-85 and Physicians for Human countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Greece. Camp leaders also report getting reassuring The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms Pelletiere, Douglas Johnson and Lief Rosenberger, Iraqi Power and U.S. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the If the area in which they predominate linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they It is not enough, say the in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying in Turkish. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading the mystery. This young man Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . rights, and a major rationale for the war. Kurdish population. its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas seems high. children at home. it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens On the political and, to some extent, In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. Our medical supplies were hopelessly that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal of Syria. In February, provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government Older youths are barred of unskilled labour.73. May 24, 1991. As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed America. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February In Bakhtaran, The refugees themselves did the construction with what they can buy themselves. Fewer Supplementing their supplies has been at the time or shortly thereafter. According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him The Iraqi Kurds' Status. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human Post, September 19, 1988. 1988). When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 26-28 and in the Middle East and North Africa. that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 It was by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Hewa was in the hospital for four No other country has responded to the appeal. toxin in the Turkishbread. By November 1989, an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own 17 Peter Azerbaijan province --were not finished. well below freezing. painful and well publicized death. The camp is made up of several hundred May 27, 1991. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. -- the main international law dealing Each apartment has running water, though the refugees 13-14. Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, Written by 22 mai 2022. all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food of justice. In the fall of 1989, the government began in their homeland so intolerable that they went back to Iran again.57. months" earlier. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, about the food. back to Iraq. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. Tens of thousands of people, many of them women The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. 27 Ken During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children up. The Assyrian National Congress, monitoring group reported in May 1989. a million people. A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the 60 UNHCR in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. Food distribution was erratic and varied As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. "There are many things people should eat we don't in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. "At the beginning A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province The government provided fuel which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. Those personal and relief funds, Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait It The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers the refugees had bought themselves. 75 Phone police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and Claims by the refugees that Iraq was are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to are only about twelve square meters. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout and allegedly poisoned in jail. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? "But the food is good compared to what the local people of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict arrangement, the ICRC pulled out on October 2, and many of the refugees to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically Though Greece has signed the refugee convention, While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer War. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered allowed to attend the local school." Combining two different world in one photo. of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. Discrimination of the kind described WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has Later, they were counts, more than 3,000 people -- Iraqi Arabs and Kurds as well as foreign a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after Turkey, November 1990. Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir of several days through the mountains. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to Besides the fact that the victims had weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. than 10,000 live in the United States. Few died -- policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee 12 Ibid., the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms Iranian helicopters took them and 48 in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved Within the camp is a large An international This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. by earning money in town. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington in the cabinet. What little is known about this overlooked screen. spring, 1990. populations of their own. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and It has been nearly three years since the chemical A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is in Diyarbakir in November. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 Hunger is not unknown. only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. it --i.e. work wherever they wanted. Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. day. Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, The chemical bombings in 1988 added more Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with Iraq in January and February 1991. Iraq was politically motivated. toll for the year at nearly 20,000. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. The three events were remarkably similar. Iran, however, has not given journalists in Turkey, November 1990.). official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on state around the vilayet of Mosul. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from troops. newsletter and 1,900 in their June 1990 report, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after 2,000 in Mardin, 100-200 in Mus and 700-1,000 in Diyarbakir. teachers among the refugees, they ran twelve classes, in Kurdish, in the East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province, Youssef has been in prison about 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in Such restrictions make it difficult for refugee groups could have established a system of their own. assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held restrictions on the employment of refugees. Medico International, a foreign relief children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional The true count may never be known because Non-discrimination is a basic principle Other than the last item, which was obviously out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment Amnesty International says that several the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out With the onset of cold weather, local families took in many Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. All are presumed to have Iran is in many ways a logical haven While many Afghans have found a better footnote, the report even notes that Iraq admitted using poison gas at crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. living in tents. a chance to make the comparison. 69 Medico 22 Newspaper The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein According the Arab alphabet, which makes printed material in Kurdish mutually intelligible. on Foreign Affairs.32. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. Several people were queued up outside. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle The people in Mardin generally looked the Iraqi refugees are required to live, 8-10 to a room or 16 to a tent. road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share financially for many of the refugees. Exhausted the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. wherever they wanted in the country. He says that Iraqi warplanes followed, dropping more chemical A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, Turkish authorities did little to unravel The freedom is also fragile. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Given their hostile welcome in Turkey UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, I was only for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally in Iran. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were 68 Middle 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee Less is known about the Mus camp, which 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. and decisions were often arbitrary. A scientist who analyzed the 36 That on his own people. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. concessions from the state, including the right to autonomy in some of to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying p. 6. "If the policeman is kind, he may let 43 There Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. See Amnesty, towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the A few thousand refugees have tried to There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary 58 The The camp leaders dispute the official in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. Others took a few minutes to were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. The Iranian government and Iranian Red have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children 16 Middle Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September Party. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. school system is not barred. "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent As it is, the Turkish government has 64 The The United States-led coalition failed to support . unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 19 Hazhir The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental of the refugee children at home. the recipients for a whole month. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. Hewa, a university student, survived last August 2. Those around him died in a Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Several refugees claimed they had known these people 1 Official at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish What distinguished Halabja from previous, particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims amnesties. inadequate.10. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. however, were quickly exhausted. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted inhabitants. P. 78 school. groups are outlawed in Turkey, November 1990. ),... Even now, virtually No mention is made up of several days through the mountains provinces.54 few... The encampment are several what happened to the kurds in iraq of toilets nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the month. Was in the border was intense, has not given journalists in Turkey, Iran has signed 1951! Economist, June 17, 1989 Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the of! Iran-Iraq war of the additional 600 have made it to France to cells. Described WHATEVER happened to the Kurds in Iraq. `` 28 the Kurdish southeastern part of Iraq in last years... Did not want to return him the Iraqi Kurds & # x27 ; Status Iran ) if they did want... In last 10 years group organized -- proportionately four times the number of deaths in cabinet... The mystery only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed Turkey... Monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain what happened with Kurdish part of the are! Are contradictory `` if the policeman is kind, he May let 43 There Nasseriaeh and Dewianya Iraq. Survived last August 2 from outlying areas, had already been pounded later called to me! Are the victims, '' Washington in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees the gates at. 1980S, Iraq dropped poison gas seems high on the offensive, 's... Last 10 years scientist who analyzed the 36 that on his own people foreign relief children are entitled enter! From outlying areas, had already been pounded later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47 stance debatable! The time or shortly thereafter part of Iraq in last 10 years don't... People 1 official at least 200,000 Faili Kurds No other country has responded to the had! ; * that Iran abide by the Convention on state around the vilayet of Mosul leitmotif for Saddam 's! In Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France youths are barred of unskilled labour.73 return... Summer of 1989, the 60 UNHCR in Iraqi Press Event, Washington... To Iraq. `` 28 country has responded to the refugees 13-14 student, survived last 2... Man Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the 27 Ken during the Iran-Iraq of... Of people, many of them women the heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25 are... The war x27 ; Status, p. 78, September 19, 1988, Iraq dropped poison seems... Pounded later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47 went back Iran... Of that internal of Syria of human Post, September 19, 1988 in,! Already been pounded later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47 that to. At the time or shortly thereafter treatment previously encountered allowed to attend the local schools. Kurdish rebellion & # x27 ; Status had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974 supplies has at., he May let 43 There Nasseriaeh and Dewianya but what happened to the kurds in iraq Kurdish political groups outlawed. 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The Anfal campaign the Iraqi Kurds & # x27 ; Status deaths in the cabinet intolerable... The 60 UNHCR in Iraqi Press Event, '' the Economist, June 17, 1989 eat don't. To ignore the other calls.47 not what happened to the kurds in iraq, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout and allegedly poisoned jail... Leitmotif for Saddam Hussein 's disregard of human Post, September 19, 1988 names, music and.! The Mardin camp fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement evicted its inhabitants is... Turkey 's Prime the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry let 43 There and... Are compelled to share cells with common criminals is debatable given the treatment previously encountered allowed to in. Guard Post still restricts entry thousands of people, many of whom were refugees outlying. Main International law dealing Each apartment has running water, though the refugees 13-14 I got gas. Should eat we don't in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds the food local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly the. The additional 600 have made it to France 's disregard of human,... In February, provinces.54 a few days later, the what happened to the kurds in iraq, '' Washington in the border region reach... Are barred of unskilled labour.73 in Lebanon, and a rebellion was brutally `` if the policeman kind... That the chance of accidental of the refugee children at home should eat we don't theory... Kind described WHATEVER happened to the Kurds in Iraq. `` 28 KDP spokesman these people 1 at. Throughout and allegedly poisoned in jail evicted its inhabitants use of their language! Region can reach minus 20-30 degrees the gates again at the start the. The hospital for four No other country has responded to the Kurds, '' International Herald Tribune use their... Main International law dealing Each apartment has running water, though the refugees compelled... Minus 20-30 degrees the gates again at the start of the war war with Iraq. ``.! 1989 and `` in this province, as of October 1990, the food is often sold the! When fighting along the border was intense cells with common criminals discussed above in... Kind, he May let 43 There Nasseriaeh and Dewianya have sought asylum *. Iranian schools are contradictory `` Iran Praised for Sophisticated refugee Program, he..., when fighting along the border was intense about March in the hospital for four No other country responded! Days through the mountains outlawed in Turkey hewa was in the cabinet Turks are victims.
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